PEDAGOJIK GRAMMER

 İNDİR

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LINGUISTIC

>>> TÜRKÇE AÇIKLAMALI DİL BİLİM

>>> MORPHOLOGY

>>>Left Brain VS Right Brain

>>> Sociolinguistic

>>>Linguistic Kısa Notlar

>>> Dil Edinim Kitabı

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MORPHOLOGY

 indirmek için BURAYA Tıklayın

Morphemes:

The smallest meaningful unit= Morpheme

Syllable dan farkı nedir?Nasıl ayırırız?Türkçeden örnek verelim.

*Ka-lem-lik: 3 syllables (Hecelere ayırdık.)

*Kalem-lik:2 morphemes (Anlamlı parçalara ayırdık.Türkçe derslerinde kelimeyi kök ve eklere

ayırırdık onun gibi düşünün.)

Sand-wich:2 syllables (Burada kelimeyi telaffuz ederken kaç vuruşta

söylediğimizi sayıyoruz.Yazılışıyla alakalı bir durum değil.İngilizcede syllable

sayarken hep okunuşuna bakmalıyız.)

Sandwich:1 morpheme (Kelimenin kökü sandwich)

Computer:3 syllables (com-pu-ter 3 vuruşta söyleniyor.)

Compute-r:2 morphemes (compute kökü ve –er eki)

Tran-si-tion:3 syllables

Trans-it-ion:3 morphemes

Maple: mey-pıl:2 syllables

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ÖABT İNGİLİZCE METHODOLOGY

                           METHODOLOGY KONU ANLATIMI

>>>METHODOLOGY (APPROACH) TÜRKÇE ÖZET

>>>Approaches and Methods kısa Türkçe özet

>>>COMPETENCE ÇEŞİTLERİ

>>>DRILL ÇEŞİTLERİ

>>>METHODOLOGY KONU ANLATIMI  1

>>>METHODOLOGY KONU ANLATIMI 2 

>>>METHODOLOGY KONU ANLATIMI 3

METHODOLOGY KONU ANLATIMI 4

                             METHODOLOGY  DENEME  SORULARI

>>>METHODOLOGY SORULARI

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Critical Analysis of the Poem "Chimney Sweepee" by William Blake

This poem is written by William Blake. In 1789 which was the beginning of French Revolution William Blake brought his songs of innocence. The current poem “The Chimney Sweeper” is a part of it. The poet has used first person narrative technique in this poem. The first four lines are-

             “When my mother died I was very young,

And my father sold me while yet my tongue

Could scarcely cry ” ‘weep! ‘weep! ‘weep! ‘weep!”

So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep.”

The whole poem is of twenty four lines. Here a little boy narrates his and his so many friend lives who are chimney sweepers. The boy says that in his childhood he has lost his mother. His father sold him to a master sweeper in a very tender age when he was not aware of the word sweep. When he tried to pronounce sweep he pronounced it as weep. This weeping became his future. The poet has used the word weep three times only to show us the pathetic condition of chimney sweepers. The child is engaged in sweeping chimney and in soot he used to sleep. The lines show us how the lives of chimney sweepers were exploited. Soot is the black powder which comes in form of smoke out of the chimney. It is very dangerous to inhale it and the young boy used to sleep in soot. Earlier wealthy people used to build large houses and in order to keep the house warm chimneys were made in the house. The structure of the chimney was so made that it could be cleaned only by a little child crawling through the chimney. It killed many little children. Chimney sweepers went through the trauma of suffocation and burns. The next four lines are-

“There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head

That curled like a lamb’s back, was shaved, so I said,

“Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head’s bare,

You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair.”

In the second stanza the tale of Tom Dacre has been told to us by the little narrator. Tom Dacre appears in many poems of Blake. Tom cried when his head was shaved. Chimney sweepers head were shaved so that it can escape burning. Tom is solaced by the narrator and the child narrator successfully tells Tom not to mind it. There was also a cause that head of chimney sweepers were shaved because by doing so nobody could identify that they were chimney sweepers otherwise it could prove prejudicial to their work that they were chimney sweepers. The next four lines are-

             “And so he was quiet and that very night,

As Tom was a-sleeping he had such a sight!

That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, & Jack,

Were all of them locked up in coffins of black.”

Tom was quiet as he was consoled by the child narrator. Tom slept and in dream he saw that Dick, Joe, Ned and Jack including other chimney sweepers were dead in coffins of black which can be wooden coffin painted in black or the bodies were covered in soot. The next four lines are-

             “And by came an Angel who had a bright key,

And he opened the coffins & set them all free;

Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run,

And wash in a river and shine in the Sun.”

The dream continues and the coffins of the dead chimney sweepers were opened by an angel who has a bright key to open those coffins. They all are set free. They go in a river and wash themselves. They play and shine in the sun. a laborer who is slave always dreams of freedom. The condition of these chimney sweepers were pathetic and only in dreams they can see that they are freely playing and shining in the lap of nature. The next four lines are as follows-

             “Then naked & white, all their bags left behind,

They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind.

And the Angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy,

He’d have God for his father & never want joy.”

The child narrator narrates the dream vision of his friend Tom. They all are white after washing. They all are naked as souls. No more burdens of bags were there. They are now free from all the bondage. The angel tells Tom that God will be his father if he would be a good boy. He will never lack happiness. The last four lines are asa follows-

             “And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark

And got with our bags and our brushes to work.

Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm;

So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.”

Now, Tom wakes up and his dream has been interrupted and broken. All the chimney sweepers got their bags and brushes to work. The morning was cold but Tom was happy and warm because of his dream. In the last line there is a moral message that if all the people do their duty they need not fear harm. If narrator’s father could have done his duty there was nothing to worry for the poor child narrator. The last line is ironical and it’s a kind of whack on the civilized society.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

                                            

                                                        NADA

"Brief information about the play, Short summary,  plot and character analyses in "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place"
"Assimilation, existentialism,  Separatism, Nothingness, alienation, and NADA in Ernest Hemingway's A Clean, Well-Lighted Place"

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

               “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway and first published in Scribner’s Magazine in 1933. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a short story which is about a conflict between the old and the young waiter. At a first sight, Hemingway's "A Clean Well-Lighted Place" seems to be a very simple, unemotional, easy to understand and comment, and almost unfinished short story. However, when readers look for deeper meanings, they can find how meaningful is this story. The author's use of words and sentences gradually brings the readers to a higher level of understanding of the reality of the world and life. The truth is lying underneath the story the emotional darkness, eventual isolation, and existential depression caused by the nada, the nothingness. Nothingness, as it appears in Hemingway’s work, is a concept that derives directly from existentialism, which first emerged as a philosophical problem in the 19th century. 

     

           The story begins with two servers, older and younger servers, talking with each other while they wait for the last customer of the night to leave. The younger waiter is arrogant and rude to the last customer, while the older one is patient, kind and sympathizes with the customer's feelings and loneliness. When the café closes up for the evening and the customers left, except the old customer, the older server begins to see an existential crisis of his own according to the customer. With the old man, he eventually discovers a sense of meaning and purpose to his life amidst a world that is seemingly 'full of nothing'. Here, “full of nothing” is the key sentence of the story. Waiters understand that the word is full of nothing. There is no meaning in the world. Nothingness is kind of a condition people is faced with when their life has no meaning in the meaningless world, so there is no reason to exist. 

             The isolation from life is another sense the author uses to describe the word and the meaning "nada." The image of a lonely "old man who sat in the shadow the leaves" of the tree is resented a lot of times in the story. Some keywords are repeated, such as "the old man sitting in the shadow," shows the loneliness of the old man and how he suffers and the intensity of his separation from the rest of the world. The same significant point is portrayed by the writer with the old man's deafness. Old man "liked to sit late because he is deaf and now at night it is quiet and he felt the difference". Here, it may seem literary deaf but it’s not only deaf but deaf to the world, deaf to the society. The older waiter seems to understand this and reacts. He knows what it is to feel loneliness, to live on a deserted island, alone. In contrast with the younger waiter who has "youth, confidence, and a job”, the older waiter lacks "everything but work". The old waiter goes home as late as possible and only falls asleep as the light comes in.  

        

             The existential breakdown is yet another way the writer uses to show the story's main theme. A loss of faith brings any chance of having a normal life in that term. The old man's attempt to committing suicide is the symptoms of the depression he suffers and the story begins with a powerful description of an old man sitting late at night in the drinking alone. This oddly specific depiction has an aim in the story; it is a metaphor that immediately identifies the single most important feature of this character who is living in a world of darkness. Then, Hemingway gives the reason why he described old men in a detailed way: 

‘“Last week he tried to commit suicide,” one waiter said.

 “Why?”

 “He was in despair.”

 “What about?”

“Nothing.”

"Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada” or “Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y pues nada y pues nada". 

The only thing that keeps the older waiter alive is being busy with his job. But in contrast, the old man's dignity is all that he has left. He has nothing but his dignity. Everything else is just "a nothing." This is why the reason why the writer describes the old man in a detailed way and why the old man is "drunk every night" . This is why the old waiter is one "of those who like to stay late at the cafe". They are escaping from the nada, the nothingness that comes with existential breakdown.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

              To sum up; the author's use of words and sentences brings the readers to a higher level of understanding of the reality of the world and life. The truth is the emotional darkness, eventual isolation, and existential depression caused by the nada, the nothingness, and this nothingness as it appears in Hemingway’s work is a concept that derives directly from existentialism. The conflicts between the old waiter and younger waiter, the detailed description of an old man and the description of the place, and lastly the depth usage of the words (nada) and sentences (no meaning of life) convey the message of the Hemingway which is about the nothingness of the existentialist world. 

Gulliver’s Travels: Journey of Dreams by Jonathan Swift

Gulliver’s Travels: Journey of Dreams by Jonathan Swift

            

              Gulliver’s Travels, the real title is “Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World”, four-part satirical work by Anglo-Irish author Jonathan Swift, published in 1726. Gulliver’s Travels is an important work of English literature. It was one of the first and best books which gave birth to the novel form of literature. It’s a parody of the popular travel narrative, Gulliver’s Travels combines adventure with savage satire, mocking English customs and the politics of the day. In this novel, Jonathan Swift criticizes and mocks with politics, international relations, mathematics and the usage of science. In that case, it may  called it is one of the novels that reflect the period in which the writer lives.  

        Although inseparably linked to travel literature, Gulliver’s Travels is something completely different. This work merely uses the literary infrastructure of travel literature to conceal its “true purpose.” One of the most distinguishing features of travel journals from the other works is that what is searched into by the European writer who happens to write them is always an indigenous component of the land whither he has arrived; however, when Gulliver describes some characteristics of the civilization that happens to be stranded in at the time, said idiosyncrasy is always accompanied by subtitles which obliges the reader to simultaneously think how it reflects in English society. In the work, there are two enemy countries called Blefuscu and Lilliput. These two enemy countries have disagreed with each other on the idea of whether the egg should be broken by a spike or around. 

         “Difference in opinions has cost many millions of lives: for instance, whether the flesh is bread, or bread be flesh; whether the juice of a certain berry is blood or wine. Undoubtedly, philosophers are in the right when they tell us that nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison.” (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels)

All among the story, Swift gives the reason for the war which is based on politics and trivial ideas. And that’s how people doing in the real world.

           Another one is the next island of giants. Here, giants are called Brobdingnaglar. In the previous chapter, Gulliver was the giant and others were the dwarfs but now he is the dwarf and others are the giants and in this island, Gulliver is a toy of a little girl. Many things come to the giants to be ridiculous until Gulliver makes the use of a knife to escape. Next time Gulliver come to the island of Laputa’s. The island can be upgraded at any time and lowered at any time. Some very strong scientists lack practical intelligence, but who are proficient in mathematics and knowledge of art. Scientists are dealing with funny things like trying to get sunlight from the cucumber. The Laputans undermine every idea of ​​practice. Even if, Gulliver is a doctor, there is almost nothing here. Gulliver descends from the island and wants to travel the land below. In the following, he encounters a lord who is seen as a small man because of his practical intelligence and learns about the country.

Gulliver’s Travels

          Gulliver’s last travel is to the land of horses similar to the one called Yahoo and the horses that are masters of Yahoo's so-called Houyhnhnm. Yahoo's looks like a human but they are primitive and wild. At first, the Houymynmy's think that Gulliver is Yahoo, but Gulliver proves that he is not a Yahoo and he is a guest of Houymynmler. Gulliver tells them that in their country people and horses are in the opposite situation, horses work for people, and people dominate them, and Houyhnhnms are greatly amazed. Gulliver thinks that horses are magicians or enthralled people. These creatures are extremely gentle and clever. It confuses what it means to be human. They find it difficult to understand what Gulliver has to say about Europe, their wars and unnecessary fights. Gulliver didn't want to pick her out of them, and when she returned home, she had become completely cold; He continues to live by isolating himself as much as possible from humans. This work, which most of us read in primary school age, is not only an excellent example of grinding but also some of the features of science fiction. It is one of the rare works where different tastes can be taken.

             To sum up; the usage of language and ironic words are changing with the Gulliver’s travels. A large number of icons in each line, every section, and every journey requires the evaluation of Gulliver's Trips together with the history of the years in which it was written, in that case, Swift has succeeded in overcoming his own culture, beliefs and reached universal themes. He wrote the story almost five hundred years ago, then it becomes and will become one of the most popular books in the world and with the descriptive events and places the story considered to be on the list of the masterpieces of the travel writings.

Gulliver’s Travels: Journey of Dreams by Jonathan Swift

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Definition and Literary Examples

The Times is full of persuasive languages these days. 

The terms Ethos, Pathos, Logos are "modes for persuasion". The terms which are also referred to as the three artistic proofs and represented by Greek words are coined by the Aristotle. The terms are used to persuade people to believe a particular point of view.

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Definition and Literary Examples

Definition and  literary examples for Ethos

ETHOS:   Also knows as an Appeal to Ethics, then, means to convince audience/s by using the authority or credibility of the persuader. A speaker uses ethos to show to his/her audience that the speaker is a credible source and he is worth to listen. The word Ethos comes from the Greek word "character" and the word "ethic" is derived from Ethos. 

  

     Here, some examples of Ethos that the speaker may use and examples for the use of Ethos in literature:

·     "As a Professor, I am qualified enough to tell you that this course of treatment will likely bring the best results for us."

·         I have studied this topic for the past ten years. So, I am qualified to tell you that this is not the correct way of teaching language to young learners.

• "My two decades of experience in public utility, my indefatigable commitment to the people of this community make me the ideal candidate for your future mayor."

·         "If my life as a Marine taught me anything, it's that attention is the best policy in this type of problems."

“I want to thank the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, because we all know the press is under siege these days. But we also, know it’s the insatiable dedication to uncovering the absolute truth that keeps us from turning a blind eye to corruption and to injustice, to tyrants and victims, and secrets and lies. I want to say that I value the press more than ever before as we try to navigate these complicated times, which brings me to this: what I know for sure is that speaking your truth is the most powerful tool we all have.”

Definition and  literary examples of PATHOS

PATHOS:    Known as Emotional appeal. Here, the speaker tries to persuade the audience/s by appealing their emotions. There are some common ways of using Pathos like drawing pity from the audience by using emotional tone and invoking sympathy from the audience/s to make them feel as the speaker wants them to feel.  Pathos is an also Greek word for “suffering”.  Words like suffering, pathetic and empathy are derived from Pathos

Here, some examples of Pathos that speaker may use and examples for the use of Pathos in literature:

•           "Don't be the last person on the block to have their lawn treated - you don't want to be the laughing stock of your relations!"
•          "If we don't accept the offer, we're all going to die here! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"

•          “Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.”—Martin Luther King Jr., “I have a dream” speech

•        “We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.”—John F. Kennedy, “We choose to go to the moon” speech

•          "You should consider another route if you leave later. I heard that that nature is far more dangerous and ominous at night than during the daytime."
•          "Better men than us have fought and died to preserve this great nation. Now is our turn to be a hero for our country.  For God sake and for our country, gentlemen, soldiers!"

Definition and  literary examples of LOGOS

LOGOS:    Also known as Logical Appeal. Logos is another way of persuading the audience/s by use of logic and reason and facts.  To use logos, speaker, should use facts, statistics, literal and historical analogies,  scientific results and constructed logical arguments. Logos is also a Greek word and the word “logic” is derived from Logos

     

 Here, some examples of The pathos that speaker may use and examples for the use of Logos in literature:

·         "The data for the test is perfectly clear: this investment has everlastingly turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in some areas."

·         "More then two thousand peer-reviewed studies have been conducted over the past 2 decades and none of them suggests that this is an effective treatment for hair loss."

·         "You won't find any rabbit along this road. In 15 years of driving the same route, I haven't seen a single one."

·         "Research compiled by analysts from NASA, as well as organizations from five other nations with space programs, suggests that a moon colony is viable with international support."

·         “In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the very existence of external reality was tacitly denied by their philosophy.”        (1984 by George Orwell)

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce

                                                       

                                                    

                  The Hunted Man(An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge)

     
           

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridges as a naturalist story

               "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" is a short story written by Ambrose Bierce. The story is about flashbacks and, a man who is sentenced to be hanged. Because the story was written in the Civil War period, it mostly considered as realism about the effects of the war, and half of the story takes place in the Fahrquhar's mind. So the story even classified as psychological realism. But it is a short story about naturalism. Thus, our claim is that, although it was written in the term of the Civil War and mostly considered as realism about the war, the elements of naturalism outweigh these assumptions and the story is about naturalism. To prove our statement we will touch on the passiveness of the main character, a man called “the hunted man”, and the heightened language used by the writer.

                Characters are more important than plot and action in realistic works, but in contrast, in naturalistic works, characters whose lives are beyond of their control are governed by the forces of passion, instinct or environment. In this story, it is not the character we are seeing in the foreground but the action. The story is being told by a third person narrator and the man who is sentenced to death even can not narrate his own death. There are many sections showing that the narrator is passive. The first seven paragraphs talk about the narrator but without a name, without giving an identity to the main character. This indicates that the identity is not important in the story, but the important one is the action. The first sentence "A man stood upon a railroad bridge in Alabama..." foreshadows the passiveness of the main character who is simply a man. Until the last two sentences, we do not know if the Fahrquhar is alive or it is just an illusion. Additionally, as if the death of the main character is not that much important, the writer gives it only in two sentences. It is not important what happened to the main character because it is not about what the main character feels, it is about action and that is one of the main characteristics of naturalism.

       
              Even the writer gives a name to the main character, still, he prefers to call him "the hunted man". For the humans who separate themselves from the other animals, we are hunters and the animals are for the hunting. In that case, for us, animals are the hunted ones but here writer prefers to use the word "hunted" to describe a human. We are the one who separates ourselves from all the other animals, but for nature, we are one of the other kind of animals. We are not more valuable than any animal for nature scientifically. It is not only about the comparison between human and animal, but also we see the comparison between human and plants "..the forest on the bank of the stream…, …trees, the leave, …veining of each leaf, …he saw the very insects… noted the prismatic colours in all the dewdrops …million blades of grass.” Later on, he continues to talk about the magnificence of nature "he dug his fingers into the sand, threw it over himself in handfuls and audibly blessed it. It looked like diamonds, rubies, emeralds; he could think of nothing beautiful which it did not resemble”. By resembling the sand to diamond, it is highlighted that according to humans, diamonds are more important than many other things; but for the animals who live on the sand, the sand as important as a diamond scientifically.

                   To sum up; although the story written in the term of the civil war and considered as a realism of the war, there are assumptions like the passiveness of the writer, symbolic sentences like the "hunted man" and the heightened language which is used by writer indicates that the story mostly deals with the naturalism. Some of the characteristics of the naturalism is that; humans are animals like the other animals, there are no differences for them. So in that case, their lives are beyond their control and governed by the forces of passion, instinct or environment. And the writers of the naturalism mostly used heightened language.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge & realism and naturalism

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge